Lean Works! For some…
Lean Manufacturing as a management tool has taken the manufacturing industry by storm, and companies around the globe have adopted Lean methods in many forms and by many names. Large enterprise companies like Toyota, Dell Computer, and Pratt & Whitney have achieved dramatic reductions in delivery time and lowered inventory levels, while increasing responsiveness to customer demand and improving cash flow.
As evidenced in thousands of organizations, in many different industries, “Lean Enterprise” is one of the most promoted and competitive business models in use today. Published case studies provide one example after another of companies that have substantially reduced waste and associated costs. There are countless testimonials describing how companies rose to leaders in their respective industries by becoming “world class” in Lean. There are documented results of compressing order lead-times by more than 80%, reducing work-in-process inventories by 90%, improving quality to a Six Sigma level, and freeing up 60% of resources. And, the successes aren’t limited to only large and well-known organizationsthere are also many small-company examples.
The good news is that these Lean concepts and tools are not highly complex, and can be easily learned by people of all levels of education and job responsibility. Lean “tools” include 5S, Value Stream Mapping, and concepts/terms like kaizens and kanbans. A search on the Internet or in the advertising section of almost any business magazine will identify hundreds of individuals and consulting firms who tout successful Lean facilitations or who offer education courses to help companies successfully implement Lean.
The bad news is that even as the trend of Lean adoption continues, the success rate is lowless than 20% of companies are successful with Lean.
Why do so many companies fail in their Lean initiatives? If the results are so obvious, and best practices available in the form of published success stories, what’s the problem? With thousands of consulting experts and just as many training courses available, why aren’t the majority of companies successful with Lean, and why isn’t everyone using this incredibly profitable management strategy?
Good questions.
The typical approaches used by most companies today do not provide an optimal return on investment to companies. The “missing link” between Lean goals and successful projects that produce the intended result is a strategy for Lean. For companies to reach their desired destination of success with Lean, they must first plan the journeybut many start off with the wrong perspective of success.
Starting IncorrectlyLack of Strategic Approach
The fact is that people often struggle with the most basic of problems when implementing Leanwhere to begin. Where and how people start a Lean initiative is critical to the success of the first Lean project. If the first project isn’t successful, there is a good chance that there won’t even be a second effort, and the first project won’t be successful if there is no measurable impact to the bottom line or to strategic objectives.
Unfortunately, most Lean efforts begin with a tactical approach, rather than a strategic one. This is a key factor in the high percentage of failed Lean programs. Ironically, a tactical approach is advised by most Lean consultants. This is because Lean has evolved from operational improvements outward, and that Lean consultants are either not familiar with strategy creation or are not ready to apply Lean beyond manufacturing. Also, a tactical approach quickly uncovers “low-hanging fruit,” and consultants are striving for quick wins and immediate credibility. They’re not in it for the long haul with a particular client, and more often than not they’re content with a hit-and-run effort.
Many organizations begin with “how”, and applying a specific technique (e.g., 5S) or perhaps with “what” to start first (identifying “kaizens”). Others may focus on “who” and provide training for selected individuals or teams, while some begin with “where” and begin building Value Stream Maps.
Let’s explore these further.
5S
Many companies begin Lean by employing a technique called 5S, or Workplace Organization. The “5″ and “S” come from the five Japanese words; seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke. The English equivalents (keeping the “5S” theme in mind) are: sort, set, shine, standardize, and sustain. Essentially, this is a method for organizing a work area, focused on improving efficiency, safety, layout, and flow.
5S efforts produce some immediate and visible results. Workplaces are indeed better organized. Tools and materials are now maintained in well defined locations, making them easier to find and more quickly accessible for use. Operators notice that their jobs require less effort than before. Supervisors find that it’s simpler to identify problems such as inefficiencies, excess inventory, and misplaced equipment. There may be a marginal increase in productivity, even if 5S is used in isolation from other Lean strategies or tools.
But the direct bottom line benefits of a stand-alone 5S program are difficult to measure, and even so, the improvements tend to be isolated. Improved value in the overall system and the impact on throughput is difficult to quantify.
Kanbans
The word kanban means visible record in Japanese. In Lean lexicon, it is essentially a signal to produce or move product. A kanban may be an electronic signal, an empty bin, a card, a pallet, or a defined area to hold inventory. Kanbans are used to manage inventoryquantity and flow.
In the ideal Lean world, product is “pulled” towards the customer, through the factory, from the supplier in quantities of onehence the term one-piece-flow. However, in many circumstances, it’s impractical to produce and move product one piece at a time. So kanbans serve as the “acceptable” compromise; allowing the company to move small, controlled batches of material in a “pull” environment.
The use of kanbans can dramatically reduce total inventory. Since lead-time is almost directly proportional to work-in-process inventory (WIP), kanbans can provide a significant improvement in production lead-time.
But, there can be problems. Using kanbans without other coordinated improvements (such as reducing equipment changeover times) can backfire, resulting in degradation in equipment utilization and even increases in the number of late shipments. Also, note that since kanbans are a compromise to true one-piece-flow, companies that have implemented effective kanban systems sometimes become complacent and do not address the root causes that created the various needs to maintain inventory, such as long changeover times, imbalanced processes, long distances between work centers, quality problems, and lack of operator cross-training.
Kaizens
Also, known as kaizen blitz. This may be the most common starting point for a Lean initiative in US manufacturing companies. Kaizen is the Japanese word for continuous improvement. This approach involves empowering work teams to rapidly (hence, the word blitz) improve specific problems within their areas of responsibility.
On the surface, this seems like a very good idea, and it can generate immediate and measurable benefits. The use of kaizens, especially if championed by management, finally proves to the workforce that the company is interested in listening to and supporting their improvement suggestions. Some of the more common targets for kaizens include; solving an equipment downtime problem, combining two or more machines into a work cell, setting up a kanban, reducing equipment changeover time, and implementing point-of-use storage for supplies (maintaining storage where the supplies are actually used).
But, this program can fall prey to a phenomenon known as “drive-by kaizens”improvements are implemented stand-alone, without prioritization, and without understanding how changes in one part of the facility might negatively impact other business functions, resources, suppliers, or customers. Other critical problems with this approach are that it tends to overlook consensus, and there is little time taken to actually identify and eliminate root causesthere is more focus on speed of execution than there is on planning or results.
Value-Stream Mapping (VSM)
It’s important to note that value stream mapping is a relatively recent addition to the slate of Lean tools. A value stream is defined as all activities and events (both value-added and non-value-added) that a product or service passes through on its way from supplier to customer. In a manufacturing facility these activities include shipping, waiting (in inventory, in a queue to be processed, or even in an oven waiting for adhesives to cure), packaging, inspection, rework, and both manual and automated processing. A VSM includes both the flow of product and information.
The primary purpose of a VSM, specifically a “current state map,” is to highlight areas where one-piece-flow breaks downthese points suggest opportunities for improvement (i.e., kaizens). Other purposes of mapping include; measuring the total cycle time, identifying inventory locations and balances, and determining points in the process where signals to produce arise.
Once a current state map is created, one or more “future state maps” are developed from it, showing where various kaizen events might eliminate root causes for stoppages in flow. The two reasons for creating multiple future state maps are; (1) certain improvements might be logistically-, technologically-, or cost-prohibitive, and (2) there is no single correct future state. The VSM approach is significantly more effective than the other approaches because it prioritizes the improvement efforts.
This technique, like the others, has its drawbacks. One issue is that it involves those individuals who will be impacted by the change much later in the improvement cycle than the 5S and Kaizen techniquesthis late involvement of stakeholders tends to create resistance to change.
Value Stream Maps also have an inherent weakness in their inability to capture the dynamic nature of a process, since the measures are often only a snapshot in time. Seasonality, variability in demand and fluctuations in supply and associated lead times are not easily captured or measured in a VSM.
Perhaps the most significant shortcoming with the way VSM is done today is that it tends to ignore the impacts on or impacts from “competing value streams” and support functions. In most organizations there exists more than one value streammore than one product line, or one product line that produces two or more different items. These different value streams frequently compete for resources; equipment, people, materials, suppliers, etc. Additionally, all organizations have departments that support the operations or production departmentaccounting, purchasing, quality, maintenance, engineering, etc. If the value stream changes without understanding how it impacts a competing value stream or a support function, this may negatively impact the overall organization.
Training
Many companies start with large-scale Lean training before selecting any specific approach or defining a specific project. The training curriculum for Lean can include not only the previously-mentioned topics of 5S, Kaizens, Kanbans and Value Stream Mapping but also topics like Workcell Design, Conflict Management, Project Management, Metrics/Measurements and Teamwork.
Training is a favorite strategy for consultantsit provides high daily revenues, is risk-free and there’s no pressure to deliver any result other than a trained audience.
The value of training is that it’s broad-based, provides value to the individuals involved and sends a message that management is serious about implementing Lean. The techniques themselves are relatively easy to learn, and training is primarily techniques-based. Training supports the afore-mentioned strategies of starting at a tactical level, which is where most organizations start Lean.
However, unless the training is carefully coordinated, there is a risk of the learned skills not being applied on a project quickly, resulting in wasted training time and investments. Unless the training is provided to teams that have a clear mandate to provide a solution in a specific area, the training will not produce measurable business results. Training alone does not provide measurable benefits to the bottom line, and is therefore a weak starting point.
Lean Failure Factors
To summarize the challenges, there are many approaches to Lean, some more successful than others.
• Organizations may choose to begin with a tool/technique approach to Lean, applying 5S to a broad cross-section of the business, or identifying a specific problem area for a “kaizen” event as an attempt in “do it yourself” Lean.
• Organizations and instructional companies who offer Lean training and certification programs insist (no surprise) that organizations must learn all about Lean before starting, and that training is the way to best leverage Lean.
• Consultants with specific subject-matter expertise or experience in other similar industries advise that companies begin with the creation of a “current state” Value Stream Map on a selected product line or business area, circling back to apply specific techniques in areas of weakness. This usually results in incremental improvements, visible within that specific area.
• Other consultants advise that a “clean slate” approach be used to envision the future “perfect world” and ideal business model without being encumbered by analysis of the existing value streams.
Each of the above approaches is effective to some extent. Unfortunately, there are even more stories about how Lean doesn’t workaccording to most studies, less than 20% of Lean initiatives accomplish the desired goal or result in a Lean-centric organization.
This seems to be a paradox, in that while Lean is an effective management tool and there are many Lean “experts” and books available to help guide the journey, most companies fail in the effort.
The pragmatic and honest articles and books on Lean talk about project pitfalls, resistance to change, and the lack of return on the investment. Many Lean consultants begin their sales presentations with warnings about how complex Lean is. Managers who resist adoption talk about how Lean doesn’t fit their business model or apply to their industry.
Specifically, the following are some of the more common reasons cited for Lean failures:
• Lack of management support
• Resistance to change (lack of buy-in) from supervision and workforce
• Poor metrics
• Not enough training
• Little or no impact on profitability
• Ineffective communications
• Not able to sustain initial efforts
• Not expanding improvement from the initial efforts to other departments
• Improvements in one area seemed to have negative impacts in others
How do business leaders resolve this contradictory information and multitude of approaches? Do the companies and individuals who have been successful know something others don’t know? Is there a skill set that’s only available to a select few? Does Lean really only apply to certain types of industries, organizations, or even more narrowly to very specific process or product families within manufacturing facilities? And, even if a manager has evidence (or faith) that Lean is worth trying, how can he or she avoid being one of the many failed case studies?
Key Observations
Over the past several years, we’ve personally witnessed many effective and ineffective Lean initiatives. In the book, “The Machine that Changed the World,” Womack, et. al., made the case for a Lean enterpriseemploying the principles identified and developed by Toyota. And, US companies, primarily the manufacturing sector, accepted the challenge. However, organizations weren’t prepared for the aforementioned obstacles and set-backs, especially since their Lean projects were most often started at an operational level with little or no consideration of strategic objectives.
In order to address the paradox that Lean works, but not for most businesses, we decided to focus the research and thinking not on Lean failures, and not even solely on Lean successes. Instead, we chose to study best practices in strategic initiatives and try to identify the common threads among the various Lean successes and failures.
The first observation is that the issues noted as “failure factors” appear to be pervasive conditions and not explicit reasons or root causes. Rather than explaining why the Lean enterprise effort failed, these tend to simply be part of the existing company culture. In other words, these circumstances are not specific to Lean, but would be stumbling blocks to any strategic implementation that the company might undertake. Conversely, those organizations that have overcome these issues during other major initiatives have a much higher probability of being successful with Lean.
The second observation is rather obviousthere’s nothing unusual about why companies choose the typical approaches to Lean as defined earlier. The marketing hype around Lean, from articles, books and consulting organizations focuses on a tactical beginning. Also, the tools and techniques are relatively easy to learn and apply in specific areas or to specific problems. Companies are under enormous pressure to increase their efficiencies and reduce costs, and there is a sense of urgency to get started with Lean. Since the tactical or operational approaches are the ones commonly recommended, readily available, and easily understood, it’s the logical (not necessarily correct) starting point for Lean.
Finally, the third key observation, perhaps the most important, is that the typical approaches to Lean are for the most part too narrow in their focus and all too often used as stand-alone tactics. The results are sub-optimal improvements that either have too small of an impact on throughput, no measurable bottom line value, or take much longer than they should to achieve the original purpose of adopting Lean.
What’s Necessary to Succeed
The conclusion is that Lean initiatives that are successful on a large scale have something in place that failed efforts do nota Lean strategy, a different way of thinking and a unique strategic focus. Organizations that are dramatically successful with Lean take a much broader view of processes, stakeholders, and business objectives.
A strategic foundation has many components, including principles of development and rules of communication. Development of this roadmap is a dynamic and iterative process, since a business strategy must adapt to changing external pressures, and a framework for Lean must be as agile as a company’s customers, suppliers, and outside influences demand.
Seldom, if ever, are “big” problems (such as the ones being tackled by Lean) limited to only one business area, department, or product linemultiple departments and dozens or even hundreds of business processes are linked together in value streams, and there are a myriad of interdependencies and interactions across and between all of these. If these are not understood, the impacts are discovered too late, and proposed or implemented changes suffer, as do the people involved.
Every combination of people, processes, culture, industry, and drive is unique, and some organizations and leaders simply seem to understand how to define and execute a strategy, while others do not. Executing a Lean strategy is similar in many respects to implementing a total quality management (TQM) strategy or a Six Sigma program across the enterprise. These programs have been implemented successfully in many organizations. The difference seems to be that Lean is more likely than TQM or Six Sigma to be initiated without a “top-down” approach or clear business objectives.
The key tool that is missing in the strategic arsenal for Lean is a method for strategic planning and tactical selection of business processes for the application of Lean.
Evaluating the Lean Strategy (or lack thereof)
If companies are starting or have already started Lean and don’t have a strategy in place, they’re at risk of failure at worst, and of delaying/reducing benefits at best.
If there is a Lean strategy, but it is focused on operational improvements rather than on higher profits and an increased ability to compete, it is an ineffective strategy. Starting at a tactical level, as most organizations do with Lean, results in only limited and short-term improvements and a cost-cutting mentality that ensures long-term loss of market shareFord, General Motors, Delphi and Iomega come to mind. Companies should consider that cost-cutting the way to prosperity isn’t a high probability success strategy. Growth is the key, and revising the Lean strategy as stated in the previous paragraph is advised.
By looking at the business as a “value system” for customers, companies can shift their Lean strategic priorities to growth-oriented targets, not cost-cutting ones. Instead of trying to squeeze additional margins to boost the bottom line (and share price), Lean can and SHOULD help increase sales and response to demand while maintaining and lowering cost-per-unit, therefore enabling us to lower prices, undercut the competition, and win more business.
The R(E)volution in Lean isn’t complex. But in order for companies to succeed with Lean, they must shift their perspective to one of growth and recognize that cost-cutting is a by-product rather than the key strategy for Lean. A key part of the Lean strategy must be the expansion of projects to encompass the entire value stream, rather than limiting efforts to tactical efforts. And finally, strategic actions that merge customer and business value, focusing on customers, value, responsiveness and quality.
Businesses that thrive in today’s changing environment will capitalize on the R(E)volution, and leverage Lean to do what Toyota and Dell have donedominate their markets.
For a pdf version of the White Paper that outlines a Lean Strategic Planning Framework, contact the authors.
Robert Osborne has worked in the business process and IT industries for over thirty years. He has held VP positions in sales and professional services for enterprise software vendors and integrators, provided consultative services for dozens of US and international clients and trained over 500 professionals in project management, systems development and business process methodologies and techniques. Robert is the founder of Business Breakthroughs and the developer of the Business Value System Framework. He can be reached at rosborne@great-solutions.biz.
Jerry D. Kilpatrick has worked for three Fortune 500 manufacturing organizations and has more than 25 years of experience in Lean Manufacturing. Jerry is a former Manufacturing Extension Partnership executive, and has been a consultant in the manufacturing sector since 1997, specializing in business process improvement, executive coaching, business assessments, strategic planning, and project management. Jerry holds a Masters of Administration in Industrial Management. He can be reached at Kilpatrick.Jerry@comcast.net.
